Research design innovations in Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics

An appropriate research design is crucial for achieving successful study outcomes and generating accurate and unbiased insights. This design should be defined by neutrality, reliability, validity, and the absence of bias. The presence of bias in research might lead to ambiguity, which is undesirable. It is crucial for the communication on the research to be clear, succinct, and easily comprehensible, as well as accessible to readers. This article provides a review of the nature and importance of research design in scientific research over the past three decades. It aims to assess the impact of research conducted during this period on the ability to create and carry out effective and innovative research in the fields of Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics. Numerous research designs have previously been extensively documented and are being employed by various researchers in diverse experimental settings. These designs seem to adapt based on the current difficulties that need to be examined. Hence, novel obstacles necessitate fresh inquiries, and these inquiries require innovative methodologies to obtain solutions. Furthermore, each novel methodology necessitates a new framework. The following are the essential advancements and actualities required to confront upcoming issues in the coming decades.


Background
The rapid microevolution of the world and everything about it and in it can be associated with all the observable changes that have made the world a relatively better society today compared to decades ago when it was backward in social, economic, and environmental issues.Our curiosity and instinct are driven by the need to adapt for survival and continued existence on earth.This instinct-driven curiosity is again determined by research questions, designed to get answers to daily challenges that borders on all aspects of human endeavors.These questions posed by daily challenges need multidisciplinary answers that require distinct groundbreaking skills to translate and implement its outcomes in the best interest of all stakeholders.The novelty in the research design, analysis, translation, and intervention This open access publication is Licensed under a creative common's attribution 4.0 international License 3 between the things the researcher wants to investigate (variables).To find answers to these questions, the researchers will also have various instruments and materials and a clearly defined plan of action (10).There appears to be a clear relationship between research questions and research design.The right question illuminates the research horizon that makes it easy to select and use the right design that again ultimately leads to the right answers

The relevance of innovative design in research
No matter how appropriate Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics design may be, without innovation, that design will have limited worth as there will be little or no impact concerning the dynamic nature of our changing world.A design that leads to a routine outcome, will attract little or no attention and amounts to a waste of time (11).Innovation offers a new way of doing things as it will be hard to get a relevant, new, and valuable result by repeating a protocol many times over without innovation (12) to fit the dynamics of the changing needs of the society.The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables the researcher to effectively address the research problem as unambiguously as possible.In Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics research, obtaining evidence relevant to the research problem generally entails specifying the type of evidence needed to test a theory, to evaluate a program, or to accurately describe a phenomenon.

Research design process
Researchers in the field of Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics can often begin their investigations early before they have thought critically about what information is required to answer the Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics research questions (13).Without attending to these Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics design issues beforehand, the conclusions drawn may be seen as weak and unimpressive and, consequently, will fail to adequately address the overall research problem.Any sound Public Health, Nutrition and Dietetics design process will involve the following: identify the research problem clearly and justify its selection, review previously published literature associated with the problem area, clearly and explicitly specify hypotheses or research questions central to the problem selected, effectively describe the data which will be necessary for an adequate test of the hypotheses and explain how such data will be obtained, and describe the methods of analysis which will be applied to the data in determining whether or not the hypotheses are true or false (14).(20).Innovation in research will also help change the existentialist threat to supremacy and dominance in our localities (21).This rationale will then allow for the following objective to be achieved with the ultimate goal of improving our competences in the design of research to face the 22 ndcentury challenges

Objective
The nature and significance of research design to research studies in scientific researches in the past 3 decades were reviewed for impact assessment of threedecade research on the ability to design and implement effective and innovative research in Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics

Materials and Methods
In this retrospective cross-sectional innovative design in Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics research, we downloaded and perused 486 published full-length original papers, published addendum, corrections, editorials, abstracts of meetings, conference proceedings, and review article, on the general concept of development and sustainability.
This searching and corresponding download of relevant papers were made from a globally recognized research-based data repository that included but not limited to the Web of Science (WoS) (22) core collection database on the nineteens of July 2020 at about 10.25 GMT+2).The database of PubMed, Research Gate, and Google scholars was perused to be sure no new documents relevant and necessary for this study were missed out.However, the web of science formed the major and reference database for this study because our software was more compatible to recovered data encoded in the web of science database while other databases consulted served to provide other relevant articles, we considered imported but probably missing in the web of science.

Boolean topic search approach
The Boolean topic search approach (23) used included "(Innovations * AND Research design $) OR (Research design * AND Innovations$) to encompass all relevant and available documents (24) on the subject of Innovations and Research design between 1990 and 2019.At the time of this study, we judged that the Web of Science Core Collection database had enough user-friendly and accessible academic research databases relatively covering enough journals, books, conferences as well as millions of records from clarivate.libguides.com(references).To ensure the inclusion of abbreviated or shorten words, the wildcard * and $ were added to the end of the search algorithms.Thereafter, all documents that meet the eligibility criteria of sustainable development were retrieved and exported into BibTex file format and the authors, titles, abstracts mined in PDF file format.

Data analysis
All the bibliometric variables were retrieved filtered and normalized for quality control.The results were analyses in the bibliophagy plugin package of the 3.5.1 version of Rstudio software, while the codes and commands were adopted from Https://www.bibliometrics.orgto evaluate the bibliometrics indices.Tables and   innovation topping the list followed by service design, evaluation, institutional design, design science research, design innovation, and try.This open access publication is Licensed under a creative common's attribution 4.0 international License 10    Quantitative research in Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics involves collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions are drawn thereby enabling researchers to determine to what extent there is a relationship between two or more variables (26).This could be a simple association or a causal relationship.Complex causal relationships are discovered and to what extent one variable influences another is determined.The results are presented in the form of a "p-value" that measures the likelihood that a particular finding or observed difference is due to chance (27).The "p-value" is between 0 and 1.The closer the result is to 0, the less likely it is that the observed difference is due to chance.The closer the result is to 1, the greater the likelihood that the finding is due to chance and that there is no difference between the groups/variables.

Qualitative research in Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics
Qualitative research in Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics involves recording, analyzing, and attempting to reveal the deeper meaning, understanding, and significance of human Public Health, Nutrition and Dietetics research (28).
Qualitative researchers tend to adopt inductive reasoning whereby they develop a theory or look for a pattern of meaning based on the data that they have collected (29).This involves a move from the specific to the general and may involve some degree of This Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics is understood more as a broad approach to examining a research problem than a methodological design, philosophical analysis and argumentation are intended to challenge deeply embedded, often intractable, assumptions underpinning an area of study.This approach uses the tools of argumentation derived from philosophical traditions, concepts, models, and theories to critically explore and challenge, for example, the relevance of logic and evidence in academic debates, to analyze arguments about fundamental issues, or to discuss the root of existing discourse about a research problem.These overarching tools of analysis can be framed in three ways: Ontology --the study of the nature of reality; Epistemology --the study that explores the nature of knowledge; Axiology --the study of values; what is the difference between fact and a matter of value?
Sequential design (43) in Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics Sequential research in Public Health, Nutrition and Dietetics is that which is carried out in a deliberate, staged approach where one stage will be completed, followed by another, then another, and so on, with the aim that each stage will build upon the previous one until enough data is gathered over an interval of time to test your hypothesis.The sample size is not predetermined.After each sample is analyzed, the researcher can accept the null hypothesis, accept the alternative hypothesis, or select another pool of subjects and conduct the study once again.This means the Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics researcher can obtain a limitless number of subjects before finally deciding whether to accept the null or alternative hypothesis.Using a quantitative framework, a sequential study generally utilizes sampling techniques to gather data and applying statistical methods to analyze the data.Using a qualitative framework, sequential studies generally utilize samples of individuals or groups of individuals [cohorts] and use qualitative methods, such as interviews or observations, to gather information from each sample.
A pragmatic approach to research (mixed methods) (44) in Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics The pragmatic approach to Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics science involve using the method which appears best suited to the research problem and not getting caught up in philosophical debates about which is the best approach.
Pragmatic Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics researchers, therefore, grant themselves the freedom to use any of the methods, techniques, and procedures typically associated with quantitative or qualitative research.They may also use different techniques at the same time or one after the other.Being able to mix different approaches has the advantages of enabling data, investigator, theory, or methodology triangulation respectively.In some studies, qualitative and quantitative methods are used simultaneously.In others, the first approach is used and then the next, with the second part of the study perhaps expanding on the results of the first.

Historical research design (6) in Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics
The purpose of a historical Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics cohort research design is to collect, verify, and synthesize evidence from the past to establish facts that defend or refute your hypothesis.It uses secondary sources and a variety of primary documentary evidence, such as logs, diaries, official records, reports, archives, and nontextual information [maps, pictures, audio, and visual recordings].The limitation is that the sources must be both authentic and valid.

Conclusions
There are many research designs already widely published and being used by different researchers under different experimental conditions.It appears these designs evolve depending on the prevailing challenges that require investigation.Therefore, new challenges, need new questions and new questions need new approaches to get answers and every new approach needs a new design.These are the innovations and realities necessary to face new challenges in the next couple of decades.

Figure 1 :Figure 2 :
Figure 1: word treemap in Public Health, Nutrition and Dietetics research

Figure 3
Figure 3 Trend topics in Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics research Figure 3, the trend of topics used in research involving innovation and research design shown in the above figure.The use of words in research experienced the greatest 4-fold logarithmic growth between 2014 and 2018 with governance, participation, and context being at the base of the topic trend while management, model, and impact were on top of the topic trend.Terminologies that saw a two-fold rise included information, systems, outcomes, policy, innovations, community, firms among others.Between 2008 and 2010, biodiversity, consequences', experiences, United states, experienced less than 2-fold log rise in occurrence.

Figure 4 ,
Figure 4, Co-occurrence of author keywords network in Public Health, Nutrition and Dietetics researchFigure 4 above for Co-occurrence of author keywords network in innovation and research design study, and according to the size of the bubbles we have two clusters blue and red.The biggest word in the blue cluster was innovation followed by evaluation and design whereas the red cluster had similar magnitude and the words include service design, social innovations, and service innovations.

Figure 5 ,
Figure 5, Conceptual structure map in Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics research

Figure 6 :Figure 7
Figure 6: Conceptual structure map in Public Health, Nutrition, and Dietetics research

Figure 8 ,
Figure 8, Institutional collaboration network in Public Health, Nutrition and Dietetics research graph were made in Microsoft excel 16 version and network maps were visualized in 1,6 Voxviewer softwareResultsIn this study of Innovations in Research design, 195 papers written by 454 authors over three decades were recovered, perused, and analyzed as shown in table1above.Sixty-one (61) documents were written by single authors while 394 authors wrote 394, multi-author documents giving 2.94 collaborative index and authors and coauthors per documents indexes of 2.33 and 2.46 respectively.One hundred and fourteen (114) proceedings papers, 5 meetings abstract, 5 editorial material, 47 articles, 15 articles that were originally a book chapter, 3 reviews, 5 editorial material, and 15 book chapters among others.
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